What Is Risk-Return Tradeoff?

According to risk-return tradeoff, invested money can render higher profits only if the investor will 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:acc📖ept ﷽a higher possibility of losses. Using this principle, individuals associ๊ate low l🌟evels of uncertainty with low potential returns using this principle and high levels of uncertainty or risk with high potential returns.

Understanding Risk-Return Tradeoff

Risk-return tradeoff is the trading principle that links high risk with high reward. The appropriate risk-return tradeoff depends on a variety of factors that include an investor’s 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:risk tolerance, the investor’s years to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:retirement, and the potential to replace lost funds.

Time also plays an essential role in determining a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:portfolio with the appropriate levels of risk and reward. For example, if an investor has the ability to invest in equities over the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:long term, that provides the investor with the potential to recover from the risks of bear markets and participate in bull markets; on the other hand, if an investor can only invest in a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:short time frame, the same equiti💙es have a h🃏igher risk proposition.

Investors use risk-return tradeoff as one of the essential components of each investment decision, as well as to assess their portfolios as a whole. At the portfolio level, risk-return tradeoff can include assessments of the concentration or the diversity of holdings and whether thꦅe mix presents too much risk or a lower-than-desired potential for returns.

Uses of Risk-Return Tradeoff

Measuring singular risk in context

When an investor considers high-risk, high-return investments, the investor can apply risk-return tradeoff to the vehicle on a singular basis as well as within the context of the portfolio as a whole. Examples of high-risk, high-return investments include options, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:penny stocks, and 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:lever✤aged exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Generally speaking, a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:diversified portfolio reduces the risks presented by individual investment positions. For example, a penny stock position may have a high risk on a singular basis, but if it is the only position of its kind in a larger portfolio, then the risk 🤪incurred by holding the stock is minimal.

Risk-return tradeoff at the portfolio level

Risk-return tradeoff also exists at the portfolio level. For example, a portfolio composed of all equities presents both higher risk and higher potential returns. Within an all-equity portfolio, risk and reward can be increased by concentrating investments in specific sectors or by taking on single positions that represent a large percentage of holdings. For invꦫestors, assessing the cumulative risk-return tradeoff of all positions can provide insight on whether a portfolio as🔯sumes enough risk to achieve long-term return objectives or if the risk levels are too high with the existing mix of holdings.

Calculating Risk-Return

Alpha ratio

When you want to determine excess 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:returns on investment, use the alpha ratio, which refers to returns earned on investment above the benchmark return. In other words, it measures excess returns from the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:benchmark index. 

According to Investopedia, “Alpha, 😼often considered the 🧸active return on an investment, gauges the performance of an investment against a market index or benchmark that is considered to represent the market’s movement as a whole.”

To calculate alpha in a simple way, subtract the total return of an investment from a comparable benchmark in its asset category. To take into account asset investments that are not completely similar, calculate alpha using 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Jensen’s alpha, which uses th♍e capital asset pricing modಞel (CAPM) as the benchmark.

Here’s an example of alpha: 

• If a mutual fund has underperformed by 1% against its benchmark, it will have an alpha of -1.0. 
• If a mutual fund has neither underperformed nor outperformed, it will have an alpha of zero because it will not have lost or gained value compared to the benchmark index. 
• If a mutual fund has outperformed by 1%, it will have an alpha of +1.0. 
  

Beta ratio

A 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:beta calculation shows how correlated the stock is vs. a benchmark that determines the overall market, usually the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, or 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:S&P 500. The S&P 500 is a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:market-capitalization-weighted i♏ndex of 500 leading♚ publicly traded companies in the United States.

To calcul🍌ate beta, divide the variance (which is the measure of how the market moves relative to its mean) by the co-variance (which is the measure of a stock’s return relative to that of the market🧸). 

Here’s an example of beta:

• If a stock has a beta of 1%, it is highly correlated to the S&P 500. 
• If a stock has a beta of zero, it is not very correlated to the S&P 500.
• If a stock has a beta of -1%, it is 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:inversely correlated—in other words, it has a contrary relationship—to the S&P 500.

Beta gives investors additional insight when they do further analysis and ask, “Is there a reason why a particular stock is underperforming or outperforming?” Beta can help answer that question when evaluating relative performance overall because it might help shed light on the reason why the stock outperforms or underperforms during certain times.&nbsꦉp;

Sharpe ratio

A Sharpe ratio is helpful to determine whether the risk is worth the reward. It is used when comparing peers or ETFs that hold similar assets. 

The calculation for the Sharpe rati🍎o is the adjusted return divided by the ಌlevel of risk, or its standard deviation. 

According to Investopedia, “The 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Sharpe ratio’s numerator is the difference over ti🌳me between realized, or expected, returns and a benchmark such as the risk-free rate of return or the performance of a particular investment category.”

Generally, when comparing similar portfolios, the higher the Sharpe ratio, the better because it shows an attractive 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:risk-adjusted return, meaning the return after taking into account the degree of risk that was taken to achieve it.

The Bottom Line

Risk-return tradeoff is the trading principle that links risk with reward. According tﷺo risk-return tradeoff, if the investor is willing to accept a higher possibility of losses, then invested money can render higher profits. To calculate investment risk, investors use alpha, beta, and Sharpe ratios.