What Is Bank Capital?

Bank capital is the difference between a bank's assets and its liabilities, and it represents the net worth of the bank or its equity value to investors. The asset portion of a bank's capital includes cash, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:government securities, and interest-earning loans (e.g., mortgages, letters of credit, and inter-bank loans). The liabilities section of a bank's capital includes loan-loss reserves and any debt it owes. A bank's capital can be thought of as the margin to which 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:creditors are covered if the bank would 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:liquidate its assets.

How Bank Capital Works

Bank capital represents the value of a bank's equity instruments that can absorb losses and have the lowest priority in payments if the bank liquidates. While bank capital can be defined as the difference between a bank's assets and liabilities, national authorities have their own definition of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:regulatory capital.

The main banking regulatory framework consists of international standards enacted by the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:B🌼asel Committee on Banking Supervision through international accords of Basel I, Basel II, and Basel III. These standards provide a definition of the regulatory bank capital that market and banking regul✃ators closely monitor.

Because banks serve an important role in the economy by collecting savings and channeling them to productive uses through loans, the banking industry and the definition of bank capital are ꦡheavily regulated. While each country can have its own requirements, the most recent international b൩anking regulatory accord of Basel III provides a framework for defining regulatory bank capital.

Regulatory Capital Classifications

According to Basel III, regulatory bank capital is divided into tiers. These are based on subordination and a bank's ability to absorb losses with a sharp distinction of capital instruments when it is still solvent versus after it goes bankrupt. 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Common equity tier 1 (CET1) includes the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:book value of common shares, paid-in capital, and 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:retained earnings less goodwill and any other intangibles. Instruments within CET1 𝔍must have the highest subordination and no maturity.

Tier 1 Capital

澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Tier 1 capital includes CET1 plus other instruments that are subordinated to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:subordinated debt, and have no fixed maturity, no embedded incentive for redemption, and for which a bank can cancel dividends or coupons at any time. Tier 1 capital consists of shareholders' equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is intended to measure a bank's 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:financial health and is used when a bank must absorb losses without ceasing 🅠business operat𝔍ions.

Tier 1 capital is the primary funding source of the bank. Typically, it holds nearly all of the bank's accumulated funds. These funds are generated specifically to support banks when losses are absorbed so that regular business functions do not have to be shut down.

Under Basel III, the minimum tier 1 capital ratio is 8.5%, which is calculated by dividing the bank's tier 1 capital by its total risk-based assets. For example, assume there is a bank with tier 1 capital of $176.263 billion and risk-weighted assets worth $1.243 trillion. The bank's tier 1 capital ratio for the period was $176.263 billion / $1.243 trillion = 14.18%, which meets the minimum Basel III requirement of tier 1 capital of 8.5% and the total capital ratio of 10.5%.

Tier 2 Capital

Tier 2 capital consists of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:unsecured subordinated debt and its stock surplus with an original maturity of fewer than five years minus investments in non-consolidated financial institution subsidiaries under certain circumstances. The totꦑal regulatory capital is equal to the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.

Tier 2 capital includes revaluation reserves, hybrid capital instruments, subordinated term debt, general 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:loan-loss reserves, and undisclosed reserves. Tier 2 capital is supplementary capital because it is less reliable than tier 1 capital. Tier 2 capital is considered less reliable than Tier 1 capital because it is more difficult to accurately calculate and is composed of assets that are more difficult to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:liquidate.

Under Basel III, the minimum total capital ratio is 10.5%, there is not a s𝔍pecified requirement for tier 2 capital.

Book Value of Shareholders' Equity

The bank capital can be thought of as the book value of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:shareholders' equity on a bank's balance sheet. Because many banks revalue🀅 their financial assets more often than companies in other industries that hold fixed assets at a historical cost, sharehold🌸ers' equity can serve as a reasonable proxy for the bank capital.

Typical items featured in the book value of shareholders' equity include preferred equity, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:common stock, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:paid-in capital, retained earnings, and accumulated comprehensive incom✃e. The book value of shareholders' equity is also calculated as the difference between a bank's assets and liabilitiesꦇ.