What Is Affirmative Action?

Affirmative action refers to a policy aimed at increasing workplace and educational opportunities for people who are underrepresented in various areas of our society. It focuses on demographics with historically low representation in leadership and professional roles. It is often consid𝄹ered a means of countering discrimination against particular groups.

Businesses and governments commonly 澳洲幸运5🌄开奖号码历史查询🅷:implement affirmative action programs by taking individuals' race, sex, religion, or national origin into account when hiring. It has been widely used in education settings in the United States, particularly in college admissions. However, in the 2023 ruling of Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, the Supreme Court said colleges and universities could no longer take race into consideration as a specific basis for granting admission.

How Affirmative Action Works

The main purpose of affirmative action is to diversify various parts of society. The government-backed policy was developed to provide inadequately represented groups of people with access to opportunities in academ𓄧ia, the private workforce, and government𒐪 jobs.

These opportunities have included admission to schools, jobs in professional positions, and access to housing ꧅and financing.

History and Implementation

The affirmative action policy rose to prominence in the United States in the 1960s as a way to promote equal opportunity for various segments of society. The policy was developed to enforce the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Civil Rights Act of 1964, which sought to eliminate discrimination.

Early implementations of a🐷ffirmative action largely focused on halting the continued social segregation of minorities and other disadvantaged individuals from i🍌nstitutions and opportunities.

Despite legislation that outlawed discrimi𝐆nation practices in the U.S., tangible change in the status quo was not immediate.

In more recent years, campaigns have expanded to make ꩲorganizations and institutions even more inclusive by pushing for greater gender diversity. Newer policies are also aimed at providing more access to opportuni💖ties for covered veterans and people with disabilities.

In 2023, however, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark decision in 澳洲幸运5꧟开奖ᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ𒀱ᩚᩚᩚ号码历史查询:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard that held that race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions violate the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. And in the ruling for Students for Fair Admissions v. the University of North Carolina companion case, the court overruled the previous precedent set in Grutter v. Bollinger and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke that had previously validated some affirmative action in college admissions allowed for race to hold a limited role in decision making by college administrators.

Elements of Affirmative Action

Efforts to stimulate change have taken the form of financial assistance such as grants, scholarships, and other support earmarked ဣto help with access to higher education opportunities🍷.

In addition, hiring practices may be structured to require the inclusion of diverse candidates for consideration for job openings. Government agencies may mandate that companies and institutions populate their ranks with a minimum percentage of qualified professionals from varying et🌠hnicities, gendܫers, and cultures.

Failure to meet such requirements could disqualify institutions from receiving 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:government funding or being able to compete for public contracts.

Examples of Affirmative Action

Affirmative action has been put to work since the 1960s, despite a lack of progress at times and rulings by legal authorities such as the Supreme 𒐪Court that have hindered it. Here are some exampဣles of the policy in action.

• In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. It required that all government contractors and subcontractors expand job opportunities for minorities. It also established the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to enforce the order.
• In 1970, the Labor Department ordered and authorized flexible goals and timetables to address the underutilization of minorities by federal contractors. In 1971, women were included in the order.
• In 1973, President Richard M. Nixon signed the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It required agencies to submit an affirmative action plan to the EEOC that detailed the hiring, placement, and advancement of individuals with disabilities.
• In 1983, President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12432. It required every federal agency with substantial procurement or grant-making authority to develop a Minority Business Enterprise development plan.
• In 1990, President George H.W. Bush signed the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Americans with Disabilities Act. A year later, he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
• In 1998, the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate stopped attempts to eliminate specific affirmative action programs. Both houses of Congress prohibited the abolishment of the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program. In addition, the House refused to allow the elimination of affirmative action in admissions in higher education programs funded through the Higher Education Act.
• In 2022, the Wall Street Journal reported that dozens of major U.S. companies including Apple, Alphabet, American Airlines, and General Motors were urging the Supreme Court to uphold the continued use of affirmative action policies in college admissions. They asserted that greater diversity on college campuses contributed to ongoing innovation in commerce and successful business endeavors.

Advantages and Disadvan🔥tages of Affirmative Action

The implementation ꩲand continued use of affirmativ✱e action policies have drawn strong support as well as staunch criticism.

Advantages

An obvious benefit of affirmative action is the opportunities it provides to people who otherwise might not have them. These opportunities✃ include access to education for students who may be disadvantaged and career advancement for employees who may be blocked from rising up the corporate ladder.

Proponen❀ts of affirmative action say that the effort must continue because of the low percentages of diversity in positions of authority and in the media, as well as ꦉlimited acknowledgment of the achievements of marginalized or unrepresented groups.

Disadvantages

Opponents of affirmative act🐷ion frequently call these efforts a collective failure. They cite as evidence the tiny changes to the status quo after decades of effort. The cost of such programs, coupled with a belief that affirmative action forces the populace to make unwarranted accommodations, drives a significant part of the opposition.

Certain individuals believe that there is little or no bias in society. They argue that affirmative action results in reverse discrimination, which can often lead to qualified candidates being overlooked in academics and the workplaᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚ💝⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ𒀱ᩚᩚᩚce in favor of less qualified candidates who meet policy standards.

Affirmative Action Statistics

Affirmative action is a very controversial topic and often leads to heated debates between those who support it and people who feel it doesn't benefit society. Is there a way to quantify how people feel and how it's working?

According to a 2024 Gallup poll, about two out of every three Americans (68%) had positive views of the Supreme Court ruling that eliminated affirmative action in university admissions. Black Americans are the most divided on the subject, while white, Asian, and Hispanic adults viewed the decision more favorably. Previous Gallup polls had found that about 70% of Americans believe that colleges should only consider merit in academic admissions.

There is some division when it comes to identifying race and ethnicity for purposes of hiring. In fact, about 74% of individuals feel that a candidate's racial or ethnic background shouldn't be considered when hiring or promoting them. They believe these activities should only be based on someone's merit and qualifications.

The Bottom Line

Though affirmative action continues to be a source of controversy for some, such programs are a reality for all government-contracted businesses. What's more, many other employers choose to implement affirmative action programs as a helpful way to foster transparency in hiring and promotions, and diversity in the workplace.