Inflation vs. Deflation: An Overview

Inflation occurs when the prices of goods and services rise too much and too quickly, while defꩲlation occurဣs when those prices decrease. The balance between these two economic conditions is delicate, and an economy can quickly swing from one condition to the other.

Central banks keep a keen eye on the levels of price changes and act to stem inflation or deflation by 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:taking monetary policy actions, such as setting interest rates.

Inflation

澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Inflation is a quantitative measure of how quickly the prices 🅺of goods in an economy are increasing. Inflation occurs when goods and services are in high demand, thus creating a drop in availability (supply) and a consequential raising of prices. It's sometimes referred to as too many dollars chasing too few goods.

Supply can decrease for many reasons. For example, a natural disaster can wipe out a food crop, a housing boom can exhaust building supplies, or 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:aggregate demand may overwhelm inventories. Whatever the reason, consumers are willing to pay more for the💛 items they want, causing manufacturers and service providers to charge more.

The most common measure of inflation is the rate of increase in the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:consumer price index (CPI). The CPI is a theoretical basket of goods, including consumer goods a🐠nd services, medic🃏al care, and transportation costs. The government tracks the price of the goods and services in the basket to get an understanding of the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar.

Hyperinflation

Inflation is often seen as a big threat, mostly by people who came of age during the late 1970s, when inflation ran wild. So-called 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:hyperinflations occur when the increase in monthly prices excee☂ds 50% over some period of time.

These periods of rapid price increases are ofಞten acc𒅌ompanied by a breakdown in the underlying real economy. There may also be a sudden increase in the money supply.

While hyperinflation can be scary, it is historically rare. In reality, inflation can be either good or bad, depending on the reasons for it and the level of inflation. In fa༒ct, a complete lack of inflation can be quite bad for the econo༒my, as we will see below with deflation.

A modest amount of inflation can actually encourage spending a𒊎nd investing. Since🅺 inflation can slowly erode the buying power of cash, it can be relatively less expensive to buy that $1,000 appliance today rather than in a year.

Deflation

澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Deflation occurs when too many goods are available or when there is not enough money cirꦐculating to purchase those goods. As a result, the price of goods and serv🌜ices drops.

For instance, if a particular type of car becomes highly popular, other manufacturers start to make a similar vehicle to compete. Soon, car companies hav𒐪e more of that vehicle style than they can sell, so they must drop the price to attract buyers.

Companies that find themselves stuck with too much inventory must cut costs, which often leads to layoffs. Unemployed individuals do not ha♍ve enough money available to purchas♎e items. So, to coax them into buying, companies lower prices more, which continues the downward trend.

Deflation and Credit Availability

When credit providers detect a decrease in prices, they often reduce the amount of credit they offer. This crജeates a credit crunch in which consumers cannot access loans to purchase big-ticket items. Companies are left with overstocked inventory, a situation that then can cause further deflation.

Negative Effects

Prolonged periods of deflation can stunt economic growth and increase unemployment. Japan's "Lost Decade"𝔍 𝓀is a significant example of the negative effects of deflation.

Just as out-of-control inflation is bad, uncontrolled price declines can lead to a damaging deflationary spiral. This situation typically occurs during periods of economic crisis, such as a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:recession or a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:depression, as economic output slows and demand🤪 for investment and consumption dries up. This may lead to an overall decline in asset prices as producers are forced to liquidate inventories that people no longer want to buy.

Consumers and businesses alike begin holding on to liquid money reserves to cushion against further financial loss. As more money is saved, less money is spent, fu🍰rther decreasing aggregate demand.

At this point, people's expectations regarding future inflation are also lowered and they begin to hoard money. Consumers have less incentive to spend money today when they can reasonably expect that their money will have more 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:purchasing power tomorrow.

The Bottom Line

Most of the world's central banks target modest levels of inflation, at around 2%–3% per year. Higher levels of inflation can be dangerous fo♈r an economy as it causes prices of goods to rise too quickly, sometimes in excess of wage increases.

By the same token, deflation can also be bad news for an economy. People may hoard cash instead of spending or 🅺investing it because they expect that prices will s🐼oon be even lower.