Dividend-paying stocks form a major component of many investors' portfolios, and with good reason. Since 1926, dividends have contributed nearly one-third of total equity return for U.S. stocks, while capital gains have contributed two-thirds, according to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Standard & Poor's.

Dividend payers assume greater importance in an environment of record low interest rates, such as the one that prevailed in most parts of the world from 2009 through the early 2020s. But do changes in interest rates affect dividend payers? Let's begin by taking a brief look at dividends and payout ratios.

Dividends and Payout Ratios

澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Dividends are distributions made from after-tax profits by a company to its shareholders. While the choice of the amount of dividends paid, and their frequency,💯 is entirely up to the company, many companies follow a policy of paying quarterly dividends that♕ are increased steadily over time.

The most common definition of a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:dividend payout ratio is the ratio of dividends per share (DPS) to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:earnings per share (EPS), expressed as a percentage. The payout ratio can also be expressed as the ratio of total dividends paid to net income earned over a period. While payout ratios can be calculated quarterly or annually, annual payout ratios find greater application because they smooth out fluctuations usually seen in 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:quarterly results.

A less rigorous definition of the payout r🔴atio uses cash flow from operations rather than EPS in the denominator. To keep it simple, we calculate payout ra🗹tios using EPS throughout this discussion.

Dividend payout ratios vary widely across industries. Payout ratios may be over 80% in certain sectors like utilities and pipelines, and may be below 20% in other industries. In general, the lower the dividend payout ratio, the better the suꦿstainability of dividends over time. Payout ratios that are well above 100% imply that the company is paying out more in dividends than it is earning as profits; if th൲is continues for an extended period, dividend payments may be in jeopardy.

Interest Rate Sensitive Stocks

The companies that typically have the highest 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:dividend yields (dividend yield is the ratio of annual dividend to the share price, expressed as a percentage) are generally in the sectors with the heaviest debt loads, such as utilities, telecommunications, and 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:real estate investment trusts (REITs). These sectors are also known as "澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:interest rate sensitive" sectors because of their sensitivity to changes in in🤪terest rates. If interest rates rise, share prices of companies in these sectors fall; conversely, if interest rates decline, share prices of these companies rise.

This phenomenon is intuitively easy to understand. When interest rates are rising, a company with a high 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:debt load will see its d𒐪ebt-servicing costs increase significantly since it will have to pay out a greater amount of interest, which will have an adverse effect on its profitability. Another impact is the effect that higher interest rates have on discounted cash flows. Simply put, a future earnings stream of $100 has a smaller present value when it is discounted at a rate of 4% rather than 3%.

An Example

Consider a hypothetical utility company, MegaPower Inc., which has 100 million shares outstanding. The shares are trading at $50, giving MegaPower a market capitalization of $5 billion. MegaPower also has $4 billion in debt of various maturities—short-term and long-term—bearing different interest rates; the weighted average interest rate on its debt is 5%. MegaPower's annual interest bill is therefore $200 million. In addition, MegaPower pays a quarterly dividend of $0.50 per share, for a dividend yield of 4% (i.e. ($0.50 x 4) / $50 = 4%); this means the company pays out $200 million annually as dividends. 

Let's say that MegaPower has 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of $550 million in a given year. Assuming a tax rate of 35%, her🍎e's what its dividend payouꦍt ratio looks like:

(in $ millions except EPS and DPS)

• EBIT: $550.0
• Interest: $200.0
• Pre-tax earnings: $350.0
• Tax at 35%: $122.5
• Net income (A): $227.5
• EPS (a): $2.275
• Dividends (B): $200.0
• DPS (b): $2.00

Payout ratio (B/A) or (b/a) = 87.9%

Assume that in the following year, because interest rates have risen quite a bit, MegaPower had to roll over its maturing debt at higher rates, resulting in the weighted average interest rate on its debt rising to 6%. Its annual interest bill is now $240 million. Assuming the same level of EBIT, here's the revised dividend payout ratio:

(in $ millions except EPS and DPS)

• EBIT: $550.0
• Interest: $240.0
• Pre-tax earnings: $310.0
• Tax at 35%: $108.5
• Net income (A): $201.5
• EPS (a): $2.015
• Dividends (B): $200.0
• DPS (b): $2.00

Payout ratio (B/A) or (b/a) = 99.3%

If MegaPower is trading at $50 and earns $2.275 in EPS, the stock's price-earnings ratio (P/E) would be approximately 22. If it continues to trade at the same P/E ratio, but now earns $2.015 in EPS—which represents an earnings decline of 11.4%—the stock should theoretically trade at $22.17 (i.e., $2.015 x 11). While this is a rather simplistic explanation, in reality, stocks whose earnings are forecast to decline over time might trade at lower P/E multiples in the future, a phenomenon known as 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:multiple compression.

Effect of Interest ๊Rate Changes on Dividend Payers

There are two main reasons why interest rate changes have an effect on divi🎀dend payers:

1. Impact on corporate profitability – As seen in the earlier section, changes in iꦦnterest rates can have an impact on corporate profitability and constrain the ability to pay dividends, especially for debt-laden companies in sectors like utilities. What if a dividend-paying company has little or no debt but extensive foreign operations? In this case, the mere prospect of rising inter🉐est rates in the U.S.—for example, in the first half of 2015—can have an indirect impact on profitability through two avenues:

(a) A stronger U.S. dollar, which reduces the contribution from overseas earnings and thus adversely affectsꩲ the bottom line.

(b) Lower commodity prices thanks to their negative correlation with the U.S. dollar, which can significantly aff𒈔ect the profitability of commodity producers.

2. Competition from other sources of yield – When interest rates rise, other sources of yield such as short-term 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Treasury bills and certificates of deposit begin to look more attractive to investors, especially if stocks encounter greater volatility. Stocks would also face competition from longer-term bonds, whose yields would rise as bond prices decline in line with rising interest rates. Investors often compare the dividend yield of a benchmark index like the S&P 500 to the yield of the U.S. 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:10-year Treasury to assess the relative attraction of stocks versusᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ𒀱ᩚᩚᩚ bonds.

As of Q2 2022, the S&P 500 had a dividend yield of about 1.4%, compared with the 10-year Treasury yield of around 2.50%. Between 2010 and 2020, there were times when the 10-year Treasury yield dipped below the S&P 500's dividend yield. Given that stocks offer the prospect of capital appreciation in addition to dividends, bondsꦗ offer very limited competition when their yields are near record lows.

Some Exceptions

There ꦉare some notable except🌠ions to the rule that interest rate changes have an effect on stocks with above-average dividend yields.

For instance, banks generally pay sizeable dividends. However, they tend to do well when interest rates are rising, because rates usually trend higher when the economy is doing well. Banks are major players in most economies, so as the economy strengthens and the yield curve steepens, their net interest margins (the difference between their bor💫rowing and lending rates) improves, which has a positive impact on their profitability.

The best-run companies also manage to boost dividends even when interest rates are rising. Standard & Poor's has a Dividend Aristocrats index that includes S&P 500 companies that have raised dividends every year for the last 25 consecutive years or more. As of Q2 2022, as many as 65 companies in the S&P 500 had raised dividends every year from at least 1995, a period that included three distinct phases of rising interest rates. These Dividend Aristocrats include many household names such as 3M Co. (MMM), Chevron Corp. (CVX), Coca-Cola Co. (KO), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), McDonald's Corp. (MCD), Procter & Gamble Co. (PG), Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (WMT), and Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM).

The Bottom Line

Interest rate changes have an effect on prices of dividend-rich stocks in interest rate sensitive sectors like utilities, pipelines, telecommunications, and REITs. Banks and Standard & Poor's Dividend Aristocrats are exceptions to this rule.