Unlike mutual funds, hedge fund managers actively manage investment portfolios with a goal of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:absolute returns regardless of the overall market or index movements. They also conduct their trading strategies with more freedom than a mutual fund, typically avoiding registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

There are two basic reasons for 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:investing in a hedge fund: to seek higher net returns (net of management and performance fees) and/or to seek 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:diversification. But how gooꦿd are hedge funds at providing either? Let's ta💟ke a look.

Poten💮tial for Higꦺher Returns, Especially in a Bear Market

Higher returns are hardly guaranteed. Most 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:hedge funds invest in the same securities available to mutual funds and individual investorꦛs. You can therefore only reasonably expect higher returns if you select a superior manager or pick a timely strategy. Many expert🧜s argue that selecting a talented manager is the only thing that really matters.

This helps to explain why hedge fund strategies are not scalable, meaning bigger is not better. With mutual funds, an investment process can be replicated and taught to new managers, but many hedge funds are built around individual "stars," and genius is difficult to clone. For this reason, some of the better funds are likely to be small.

A timely strategy is also critical. The often-cited statistics from Credit Suisse Hedge Fund Index in regard to hedge fund performance are revealing. From January 1994 to June 2023—through both bull and bear markets—the passive 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:S&P 500 Index outperformed every major hedge fund strategy by over 2.8 percentage points in annualized return.

If your market outlook is bullish, you will need a specific reason to expect a hedge fund to beat the index. Conversely, if your outlook is bearish, hedge funds should be an attractive 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:asset class compared to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:buy-and-hold or long-only mutual funds.

Looking at the period up to June 2023, we can see that the Credit Suisse Hedge Fund Index lags behind the S&P 500 with a net average annual performance of 7.02% versus 9.83% for the S&P 500 (since January 1994).

Diversification Benefits

Many institutions invest in hedge funds for diversification benefits. If you have a portfolio of investments, adding uncorrelated (and positive-returning) assets will reduce total portfolio risk. Hedge funds—because they employ 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:derivatives, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:short sales, or non-equity investments—tend to be uncorrelated with broad 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:stock market indexes. But again, correlation varies by strategꩲy. Historical correlation data (e.g. over the 1990s) rem🌺ains somewhat consistent, and here is a reasonable hierarchy:

Fat Tails Are the Problem

Hedge fund investors are exposed to multiple risks, and each strategy has its own unique risks. For example, 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:long/short funds are exposed to the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:short squeeze.

The traditional measure of risk is 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:volatility or the annualized 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:standard deviation of returns. Surprisingly, most academic studies demonstrate that hedge funds, on average, are less volatile than the market. For example, over the period from January 1994 to June 2023, volatility (annualized standard deviation) of the S&P 500 was about 15.16% while the volatility of the aggregated hedge funds was only about 6.63%.

The problem is that hedge fund returns do not follow the symmetrical return paths implied by traditional volatility. Instead, hedge fund returns tend to be skewed. Specifically, they tend to be negatively skewed, which means they bear the dreaded "fat tails," which are mostly characterized by positive returns but a few cases of extreme losses.

For this reason, measures of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:downside risk can be more useful than volatility or 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:Sharpe ratio. Downside 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:risk measures, such as value at risk (VaR), focus only on the left side of the return distribution curve where losses occur. They answer questions such as, "What are the odds tha🧸t I lose 15% of the ▨principal in one year?"

Funds of Hedge Funds

Because investing in a single hedge fund requires time-consuming 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:due diligence and concentrates risk, funds of hedge funds have become popular. These are 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:pooled funds that allocate their capital among several hedge funds, usua♛lly in the neighborhood of 15 to 25 different hedge fund💝s.

Unlike the underlying hedge funds, these vehicles are often registered with the SEC and promoted to individual investors. Sometimes called a "retail" 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:fund of funds, the net worth and income tests may also be lower than๊ usual.

The advantages of funds of hedge funds include automatic diversification, monitoring efficiency, and selection expertise. Because these funds are invested in a minimum of around eight funds, the failure or underperformance of one hedge fund will not ruin the whole. As the funds of funds are supposed to monitor and conduct due diligence on their holdings, their investors should𝕴, in theory, be exposed only to reputable hedge funds.

Finally, these funds of hedge funds are often good at sourcing talented or undiscovered managers who may be "under the radar" of the broader investment community. In fact, the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:business model of the fund of funds hin🌃ges on identifying talented managers and pruning the 🌃portfolio of underperforming managers.

The biggest disadvantage is cost because these funds create a double-fee structure. Typically, you pay a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:management fee (and maybe even a performance fee) to the fund manager in addition to fees normally paid to the underlying hedge funds. Arrangementsꦦ vary, but you might pay a 1% management fee to💞 both the fund of funds and the underlying hedge funds.

In regards to 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:performance fees, the underlying hedge funds may charge 20% of their profits, and it is not unusual for the fund of funds to charge an additional 10%. Under this typical arrangement, you would pay 2% annually plus 30% of the gains. This makes cost a serious issue, even though the 2% management fee by itself is only about 1.5% higher than the average small-cap mutual fund.

Another important and underestimated risk is the potential for over-diversification. A fund of hedge funds needs to coordinate its holdings or it will not add value: If it is not careful, it may inadvertently collect a group of hedge funds that duplicates its various holdings or—even worse—it could become a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:representative sample of the entire market.

Too many single hedge fund holdings (with the aim of diversification) are likely to erode the benefits of 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:active management while incurrin🌊g the double-fee structure in the meantime. Various studies have been conducted, but the "sweet spot" seems to be around eight to 15 hedge funds.

Questions to Ask

At this point, you are no doubt aware that there are important questions to ask before investing iᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ⁤⁤⁤⁤ᩚ𒀱ᩚᩚᩚn a hedge fund or a fund of hedge funds. Look before you leap and make sure you do your research.

Here is a list of questions to consider when seeking a hedge fund♈ inv⭕estment:

• Who are the founders and the principals? What are their backgrounds and credentials? How long before the founders/principals expect to retire?
• How long has the fund been in business? What is the ownership structure? (E.g., is it a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:limited liability company? Who are the managing members? Are 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:classes of shares issued?)
• What is the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:fee structure and how are principals/employees compensated?
• What is the basic 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:investment strategy (must be more specific than proprietary)?
• How often is a 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:valuation performed and how often are reports produced for investors (or limited partners)?
• What are the 澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:liquidity provisions? (E.g., what is the lock-out period?)
• How does the fund measure and assess risk (e.g., VaR)? What is the track record in regard to risk?
• Who are the references?

The Bottom Line

For most ordinary investors, hedge funds are out of reach as they cater to high-net-worth individuals (澳洲幸运5开奖号码历史查询:accredited investors) who can muster the often six- or even seven-figure initial investment minimums. Still, understanding a hedge fund's potential for outsized retur🔯ns must be weighed against its unique risks and higher fees.